bantustans*

*Stan is from the Indo-European suffix for place of and often used in Russian to denote an administrative unit, thus an ironic choice for a creation of apartheid.

venda

Frank Ravele was the Finance Minister under the first president of Venda, Mphephu (seen in portrait on wall) when it took independence under the grand apartheid scheme to have the majority of black South African become citizens of ethnic Stans*.

venda

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kwandebele

George Majozi Mahlangu held power briefly, but brutally as the apartheid homeland era was on the wane. Among all the ethic areas, KwaNdebele was the one was closely tethered to the massive industrial/business areas of Pretoria and Johannesburg with hundreds of thousands of migrant workers spending hours travelled in and out on busses and taxis, hardly ever seeing their families in daylight.